IiHomo sapiens zanamhlanje zithathe inxaxheba kwinani elikhulu lotshintsho lwe-ecosystem, kodwa kunzima ukubona imvelaphi okanye iziphumo zakwangoko zokuziphatha.I-Archaeology, i-geochronology, i-geomorphology, kunye ne-paleoenvironmental data evela kumantla eMalawi abhala ubudlelwane obuguqukayo phakathi kobukho beforoji, umbutho we-ecosystem, kunye nokwakhiwa kwabalandeli be-alluvial kwi-Late Pleistocene.Emva kwenkulungwane yama-20, inkqubo exineneyo yezinto zakudala zeMesolithic kunye neefeni ze-alluvial zasekwa.Kwiminyaka engama-92,000 eyadlulayo, kwimeko-bume ye-paleo-ecological, kwakungekho analogue kwirekhodi yangaphambili ye-500,000.Idatha ye-Archaeology kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili lolungelelwaniso lubonisa ukuba imililo eyenziwe ngabantu ekuqaleni yayikhulula izithintelo zamaxesha onyaka ekutshiseni, okuchaphazela ukumila kwezityalo kunye nokukhukuliseka.Oku, kudityaniswe neenguqu zemvula eziqhutywa yimozulu, ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kwinguqu yezendalo ukuya kumhlaba owenziweyo wangaphambi kwezolimo.
Abantu banamhlanje bangabakhuthazi abanamandla benguqu ye-ecosystem.Kangangamawaka eminyaka, baye bayitshintsha imeko-bume ngokubanzi nangeenjongo, nto leyo eyabangela iingxoxo malunga nokuba yavela nini kwaye njani inkqubo yokuqala elawulwa ngabantu (1).Ubungqina obuninzi bezinto zakudala kunye ne-ethnographic bubonisa ukuba kukho inani elikhulu lobudlelwane obuphindaphindayo phakathi kweefodi kunye nokusingqongileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezi ziphatha zisisiseko sendalo yethu yendalo (2-4).Idatha yefosili kunye nemfuzo ibonisa ukuba iHomo sapiens yayikhona eAfrika malunga neminyaka engama-315,000 eyadlulayo (ka).Idatha ye-Archaeological ibonisa ukuba ubunzima bokuziphatha okwenzeka kwilizwekazi lonke kuye kwanda kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo malunga ne-300 ukuya kwi-200 ka-spans.Ukuphela kwePleistocene (Chibanian) (5).Ukusukela ekuveleni kwethu njengezidalwa, abantu baqale ukuthembela kubuchule obutsha, amalungiselelo onyaka, kunye nentsebenziswano entsonkothileyo yentlalontle ukuze baphumelele.Ezi mpawu zisenza sikwazi ukuxhakamfula indawo ebikade ingahlali bantu okanye egqithisileyo nemithombo, ngoko namhlanje abantu kuphela kwezilwanyana ezisemhlabeni (6).Umlilo waba nendima ebalulekileyo kolu tshintsho (7).
Imifuziselo yebhayoloji ibonisa ukuba ukuziqhelanisa nokutya okuphekiweyo kunokulandwa umva ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eyi-2 yezigidi eyadlulayo, kodwa akuzange kube sekupheleni kwe-Middle Pleistocene apho kwavela ubungqina bezinto zakudala zakudala bolawulo lomlilo (8).Umbindi wolwandle oluneerekhodi zothuli olusuka kwindawo enkulu yelizwekazi laseAfrika lubonisa ukuba kwizigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, incopho yekhabhoni eyi-elemental yavela emva kwe-400 ka, ingakumbi ngexesha lotshintsho ukusuka kwi-interglacial ukuya kwixesha lomkhenkce, kodwa kwakhona yenzeka ngexesha lolwandle. iHoloce (9).Oku kubonisa ukuba ngaphambi kwe-400 ka, imililo kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kwe-Sahara yayingaqhelekanga, kwaye iminikelo yabantu yayibalulekile kwiHolocene (9).Umlilo sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngabalusi kulo lonke elaseHolocene ukulima nokugcina amadlelo engca (10).Nangona kunjalo, ukufumanisa imvelaphi kunye nefuthe lezinto eziphilayo zokusetyenziswa komlilo ngabazingeli-abaqokeleli kwi-Pleistocene yokuqala kunzima kakhulu (11).
Umlilo ubizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sobunjineli sokuxhaphaza izixhobo kuzo zombini i-ethnography kunye ne-archeology, kubandakanywa nokuphucula imbuyekezo yokuphila okanye ukuguqula izinto eziluhlaza.Le misebenzi idla ngokunxulumene nokucwangciswa koluntu kwaye ifuna ulwazi oluninzi lwendalo (2, 12, 13).Imililo yokulinganisa umhlaba yenza ukuba abazingeli abaqokeleli bagxothe amaxhoba, balawule izitshabalalisi, kwaye bandise imveliso yendawo yokuhlala (2).Umlilo okwisiza ukhuthaza ukupheka, ukufudumeza, ukhuseleko lwezilwanyana ezizingelayo, kunye nomanyano loluntu (14).Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba apho umzingeli-umqokeleli wemililo unokuphinda alungelelanise amacandelo omhlaba, njengesakhiwo soluntu lwe-ecology kunye ne-topography, ayicacanga kakhulu (15, 16).
Ngaphandle kwedatha ye-archaeological kunye ne-geomorphological yakudala kunye neerekhodi eziqhubekayo zokusingqongileyo ezivela kwiindawo ezininzi, ukuqonda ukuphuhliswa kweenguqu ezibangelwa ngumntu kuyingxaki.Iirekhodi zediphozithi zexesha elide zechibi ukusuka kwi-Great Rift Valley e-Southern Africa, idityaniswe neerekhodi zakudala zezinto zakudala kwindawo, yenze indawo yokuphanda iimpembelelo zendalo ezibangelwa yi-Pleistocene.Apha, sinika ingxelo nge-archaeology kunye ne-geomorphology ye-Stone Age landscape emzantsi-kumbindi we-Afrika.Emva koko, sayidibanisa ne-paleoenvironmental data spanning> 600 ka ukumisela ubungqina bokuqala bokudibanisa ukuziphatha komntu kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-ecosystem kumxholo womlilo owenziwe ngumntu.
Sinikeze umda weminyaka yobudala obungaxelwanga ngaphambili kwibhedi yaseChitimwe kwiSithili saseKaronga, esisekupheleni komntla weMalawi kumazantsi eRift Valley (Umfanekiso 1) (17).Ezi iibhedi iqulunqwe abalandeli umhlaba obomvu alluvial kunye nentlenga yomlambo, egubungela malunga 83 neekhilomitha square, equlathe izigidi zeemveliso zamatye, kodwa akukho intsalela eziphilayo ezigciniweyo, ezifana amathambo (Isicatshulwa eyongezelelweyo) (18).Idatha yethu yokukhanya optically optically (OSL) ukusuka kwirekhodi yoMhlaba (Umfanekiso 2 kunye neeThebhile S1 ukuya kwi-S3) zihlonyelwe ubudala bebhedi yaseChitimwe kwi-Late Pleistocene, kwaye ubudala obudala be-alluvial fan activation kunye nokungcwatywa kwamatye malunga ne-92 ka ( 18, 19).Umaleko we-alluvial kunye nomlambo weChitimwe ugubungela amachibi kunye nemilambo ye-Pliocene-Pleistocene Chiwondo umaleko ukusuka kwi-angle ephantsi engahambelaniyo (17).Ezi zidiphozithi zikwindawo esecaleni kwechibi.Ubume babo bubonisa intsebenziswano phakathi kokuguquguquka kwenqanaba lechibi kunye neziphene ezisebenzayo eziya kwiPliocene (17).Nangona isenzo se-tectonic sinokuthi sichaphazele i-topography yengingqi kunye ne-piedmont slope ixesha elide, umsebenzi wesiphoso kule ndawo unokuthi wehla ukususela kwi-Middle Pleistocene (20).Emva kwe ~800 ka kwaye kude kube kamsinya emva kwe-100 ka, i-hydrology yeLake Malawi iqhutywa kakhulu yimozulu (21).Ke ngoko, akukho nanye kwezi kuphela ingcaciso yokusekwa kwabalandeli be-alluvial kwi-Late Pleistocene (22).
(A) Indawo esikuyo isikhululo saseAfrika xa kuthelekiswa nemvula yanamhlanje (iinkwenkwezi);umbala oluhlaza umanzi kwaye obomvu uyoma ngakumbi (73);ibhokisi esekhohlo ibonisa iLake Malawi kunye nemimandla eyingqongileyo i-MAL05-2A kunye ne-MAL05-1B Indawo ye-core / 1C (ichaphaza elimfusa), apho indawo yaseKaronga igxininiswe njengento eluhlaza, kunye nendawo yebhedi yaseLuchamange ibonakaliswe njengebhokisi emhlophe.(B) Inxalenye esemantla ye-Malawi basin, ebonisa i-hillshade topography ngokumalunga ne-MAL05-2A core, ibhedi eseleyo ye-Chitimwe (ibala elimdaka) kunye nendawo yokwembiwa kweProjekthi yaseMalawi Early Mesolithic (MEMSAP) (ichaphaza elimthubi) );CHA, Chaminade;MGD, ilali yaseMwanganda;NGA, Ngara;SS, eSadara eMzantsi;I-VIN, umfanekiso wethala leencwadi;WW, eBeluga.
Ubudala beziko le-OSL (umgca obomvu) kunye noluhlu lwempazamo ye-1-σ (25% engwevu), yonke iminyaka ye-OSL enxulumene nokwenzeka kwezinto zakudala zaseKaronga.Ubudala obunxulumene nedatha ye-ka edlulileyo ye-125 ibonisa (A) uqikelelo lwe-kernel yobuninzi bayo yonke iminyaka ye-OSL ukusuka kwintlenga yabalandeli be-alluvial, ebonisa ukuqokelelwa kwe-sedimentary / alluvial fan (cyan), kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwinqanaba lamanzi echibi ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili (PCA) amaxabiso eempawu zasemanzini. iifosili kunye neeminerali ze-authigenic (21) (blue) ukusuka kwi-MAL05-1B / 1C core.(B) Ukususela kwi-MAL05-1B / 1C core (omnyama, ixabiso elisondeleyo kwi-7000 kunye ne-asterisk) kunye ne-MAL05-2A core (grey), ukubalwa kwekhabhoni ye-macromolecular ngegram eqhelekileyo ngesantya se-sedimentation.(C) Margalef iintlobo ukutyeba index (Dmg) ukusuka MAL05-1B/1C core pollen yefosili.(D) Ipesenti yomungu wefosili evela kwiCompositae, i-miombo woodland kunye ne-Olea europaea, kunye (E) Ipesenti yomungu wefosili evela kwi-Poaceae ne-Podocarpus.Zonke iinkcukacha ze-pollen zivela kwi-MAL05-1B/1C engundoqo.Amanani aphezulu abhekisa kwiisampulu ze-OSL ezichazwe kwiTheyibhuli S1 ukuya kwi-S3.Umahluko ekufumanekeni kwedatha kunye nesisombululo kungenxa yezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo zesampulu kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto kwi-core.Umzobo S9 ubonisa iirekhodi ezimbini ze-macro carbon eziguqulelwe kwi-z-scores.
(Chitimwe) Ukuzinza kwe-landscape emva kokubunjwa kwefeni kuboniswa ngokubunjwa komhlaba obomvu kunye ne-carbonates eyenza umhlaba, ogquma intlenga emise okwefeni yendawo yonke yokufunda (Isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo kunye neTheyibhile S4).Ukuqulunqwa kwabalandeli be-Late Pleistocene alluvial kwiLake Malawi Basin ayipheleli kwindawo yaseKaronga.Malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-320 kumzantsi-mpuma weMozambiki, ubunzulu bomhlaba we-cosmogenic nuclide ye-26Al kunye ne-10Be inciphisa ukwakheka kwebhedi ye-Luchamange yomhlaba obomvu we-alluvial ukuya kwi-119 ukuya kwi-27 ka (23).Olu thintelo lubanzi lobudala luyahambelana nobalo-maxesha lwe-OSL yethu kwinxalenye esentshona yeLake Malawi Basin kwaye lubonisa ukwanda kwabalandeli bengingqi be-alluvial kwiLate Pleistocene.Oku kuxhaswa yidatha evela kwirekhodi engundoqo yechibi, ebonisa ukuba izinga eliphezulu lentlenga likhatshwa malunga ne-240 ka, enexabiso eliphezulu ngokukodwa kwi-ca.I-130 kunye ne-85 ka (isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo) (21).
Ubungqina bokuqala bokuhlaliswa kwabantu kulo mmandla bunxulumene nentlenga yeChitimwe echongwe ku ~ 92 ± 7 ka.Esi siphumo sisekelwe kwi-605 m3 yeentlenga ezigrunjiweyo ukusuka kwi-14 sub-centimeter ephantsi kolawulo lwe-archaeological ye-archaeological exgions kunye ne-147 m3 yentlenga ukusuka kuma-46 emigodini yovavanyo lwezinto zakudala, elawulwa ngokuthe nkqo ukuya kwi-20 cm kwaye ilawulwa ngokuthe tye ukuya kwi-2 yeemitha (isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo kunye neMifanekiso ye-S3) Ukongeza, siye sahlola kwakhona iikhilomitha ezili-147.5, salungiselela imingxuma yovavanyo lwejoloji engama-40, saza sacazulula ngaphezu kwama-38,000 amasalela enkcubeko angama-60 kuyo (iTheyibhile S5 ne-S6) (18).Olu phando olubanzi kunye nokwemba lubonisa ukuba nangona abantu bamandulo kuquka abantu bamandulo mihla kusenokwenzeka ukuba babehlala kwindawo malunga 92 ka eyadlulayo, ukuqokelelana intlenga ezinxulumene nokunyuka uze uzinzo Lake Malawi akazange ukugcina ubungqina bezinto zakudala de Form ibhedi Chitimwe.
Idatha ye-Archaeological ixhasa ingcamango yokuba ekupheleni kwe-Quaternary, ukwanda okwe-fan-shape kunye nemisebenzi yabantu kumantla eMalawi yayikhona ngamanani amakhulu, kwaye i-relics yenkcubeko yayiyeyeentlobo zezinye iindawo zase-Afrika ezinxulumene nabantu bokuqala bale mihla.Uninzi lwezinto ezenziwe ngamatye e-quartzite okanye i-quartz yomlambo, kunye ne-radial, i-Levallois, iqonga kunye nokunciphisa i-random core (Figure S4).I-Morphological diagnostic artifacts ibangelwa ubukhulu becala kwi-Mesolithic Age (MSA) -indlela ethile ye-Levallois yohlobo, ethe ubuncinane malunga ne-315 ka-Afrika ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (24).Eyona bhedi iphezulu yaseChitimwe yahlala de kwayiNkohlakalo yokuqala, iqulathe imisitho yeLate Stone Age esasazwe kancinci, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba inxulumene nabangasekhoyo bePleistocene kunye nabaqokeleli-baqokeleli beHolocene kwiAfrika iphela.Ngokwahlukileyo, izithethe zezixhobo zamatye (ezifana nezixhobo ezinkulu zokusika) zihlala zihambelana ne-Early Middle Pleistocene zinqabile.Apho ezi zenzeke khona, zifunyenwe kwintlenga equlethe i-MSA kwi-Pleistocene kade, kungekhona kumanqanaba okuqala okubekwa (Itheyibhile S4) (18).Nangona indawo yayikhona ~ 92 ka, elona xesha limele umsebenzi womntu kunye ne-alluvial fan deposition yenzeke emva kwe ~ 70 ka, echazwe kakuhle yisethi yeminyaka ye-OSL (Umfanekiso 2).Siqinisekisile le pateni kunye ne-25 epapashwe kunye ne-50 ubudala obungapapashwa ngaphambili be-OSL (Umfanekiso 2 kunye neThebhile S1 ukuya kwi-S3).Oku kubonisa ukuba kwinani elipheleleyo lama-75 eminyaka yobudala, i-70 yafunyanwa kwintlenga emva kwe-70 ka.Umzobo 2 ubonisa iminyaka engama-40 enxulunyaniswa ne-in-situ ye-MSA ye-artifacts, ngokumalunga nezalathi ezingundoqo ze-paleoenvironmental ezipapashwe ukusuka kumbindi we-MAL05-1B / 1C embindini we-basin (25) kunye ne-MAL05-2A engapapashwanga ngaphambili kwiziko elingasentla lechibi.Amalahle (ekufuphi ne-fan evelisa ubudala be-OSL).
Sisebenzisa ulwazi olutsha olusuka kumbiwa we-archaeological we-phytoliths kunye ne-micromorphology yomhlaba, kunye nedatha yoluntu malunga ne-pollen ye-fossil, amalahle amakhulu, iifosili zasemanzini kunye neeminerali ze-authigenic ezivela kumbindi weProjekthi ye-Malawi Lake Drilling, sakha ngokutsha ubudlelwane boluntu be-MSA neLake Malawi.Ukuhlala kwimozulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo zexesha elifanayo (21).Ezi arhente zimbini zokugqibela zisisiseko esingundoqo sokwakha kwakhona ubunzulu bechibi obuhlobene nobuya kungaphezulu kwe-1200 ka (21), kwaye zihambelana nesampulu zepollen kunye ne-macrocarbon eziqokelelwe kwindawo enye kumbindi we ~ 636 ka (25) kwixesha elidlulileyo. .Iicores ezide kakhulu (MAL05-1B kunye ne-MAL05-1C; 381 kunye ne-90 m ngokulandelanayo) zaqokelelwa malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 kumzantsi-mpuma wendawo yeprojekthi ye-archaeological.Umbindi omfutshane (MAL05-2A; 41 m) waqokelelwa malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-25 empuma yoMlambo iRukulu eMantla (Umfanekiso 1).I-core MAL05-2A ibonisa iimeko ze-paleoenvironmental ezisemhlabeni kwindawo ye-Kalunga, ngelixa i-MAL05-1B / 1C ingundoqo ayifumani igalelo ngqo lomlambo ukusuka ku-Kalunga, ngoko inokubonakalisa ngcono iimeko zengingqi.
Ireyithi yokubeka irekhodwe kwi-MAL05-1B / 1C i-drill edibeneyo edibeneyo iqale ukusuka kwi-240 ka kwaye yanda ukusuka kwixabiso eliphakathi kwexesha elide le-0.24 ukuya kwi-0.88 m / ka (Figure S5).Ukwanda kokuqala kunxulumene notshintsho kukukhanya kwelanga okumodareyithiweyo okujikelezayo, okuya kubangela utshintsho lwe-amplitude ephezulu kwinqanaba lechibi ngeli xesha lokuphumla (25).Nangona kunjalo, xa i-orbital eccentricity ihla emva kwe-85 ka kwaye isimo sezulu sizinzile, izinga lokunciphisa lisephezulu (0.68 m / ka).Oku kuhambelana nerekhodi ye-OSL ye-terrestrial, ebonise ubungqina obuninzi bokwandiswa kwabalandeli be-alluvial emva kwe-92 ka, kwaye yayihambelana nedatha ye-susceptibility ebonisa ukulungelelaniswa okuhle phakathi kokhukuliseko kunye nomlilo emva kwe-85 ka (Isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo kunye neThebhile S7).Ngokujonga uluhlu lweziphoso zolawulo olukhoyo lwe-geochronological, akunakwenzeka ukugweba ukuba le seti yobudlelwane iguquka ngokucothayo ukusuka kwinkqubela phambili yenkqubo yokuphindaphinda okanye iqhuma ngokukhawuleza xa ifikelela kwindawo ebalulekileyo.Ngokwemodeli ye-geophysical ye-basin evolution, ukususela kuMbindi Pleistocene (20), ukwandiswa kwe-rift kunye ne-subsidence ehambelanayo ziye zacotha, ngoko ayisosizathu siphambili senkqubo yokwakheka kwabalandeli esiye sazimisela kakhulu emva kwe-92 ka.
Ukusukela kuMbindi Pleistocene, imozulu ibe yeyona nto iphambili yokulawula umgangatho wamanzi echibi (26).Ngokukodwa, ukunyuswa kwesitya esisemantla kuvale indlela ephumayo ekhoyo.800 ka ukwenza nzulu ichibi lide lifike kumphakamo wendlela yokuphuma yangoku (21).Ikwisiphelo esisemazantsi echibi, le ndawo yokuphuma yayibonelela ngomda ophezulu womphakamo wamanzi echibi ebudeni bezithuba zokumanzisa (kuquka namhlanje), kodwa yavumela isitya ukuba sivale njengoko umphakamo wamanzi echibi wawusihla ngexesha lembalela (27).Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwinqanaba lechibi kubonisa ukutshintshisana komjikelo owomileyo kunye nomanzi kwixesha elidlulileyo le-636 ka.Ngokobungqina obuvela kwifosili yefosili, amaxesha embalela egqithisileyo (>95% ukucutheka kumanzi ewonke) anxulunyaniswa nelanga elisezantsi lasehlotyeni kukhokelele ekwandeni kohlaza olusentlango, ngemithi ethintelwe kwimizila yamanzi esisigxina (27).Oku kuphantsi (kwichibi) kunxulunyaniswa ne-pollen spectra, ebonisa umlinganiselo ophezulu wengca (80% okanye ngaphezulu) kunye ne-xerophytes (Amaranthaceae) ngeendleko zerhafu yemithi kunye nobutyebi beentlobo eziphantsi ngokubanzi (25).Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa eli chibi lifikelela kwinqanaba lale mihla, uhlaza oluhlobene ngokusondeleyo namahlathi asezintabeni zaseAfrika ngokuqhelekileyo lunabela elunxwemeni [malunga neemitha ezingama-500 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle (masl)].Namhlanje, amahlathi asezintabeni zaseAfrika avela kuphela kwiipatches ezincinci ezingaphezulu kwe-1500 masl (25, 28).
Elona xesha lembalela yamva nje lenzekile ukusuka kwi-104 ukuya kuma-86 ka.Emva koko, nangona inqanaba lechibi libuyele kwiimeko eziphakamileyo, i-miombo woodlands evulekileyo kunye nesixa esikhulu semifuno kunye nemifuno yemifuno yaba yinto eqhelekileyo (27, 28).Eyona nto ibalulekileyo iTax yehlathi leentaba zaseAfrika yiPodocarpus pine, engazange iphinde ibuyele kwixabiso elifana nenqanaba lechibi eliphezulu langaphambili emva kwe85 ka (10.7 ± 7.6% emva kwe85 ka, ngelixa inqanaba lechibi elifanayo ngaphambi kwe85 ka 29.8 ± 11.8% ).Isalathiso Margalef (Dmg) kwakhona ibonisa ukuba iintlobo ubutyebi elidlulileyo 85 ka yi 43% ngaphantsi kune yangaphambili egciniweyo kwinqanaba eliphezulu echibini (2.3 ± 0.20 kunye 4.6 ± 1.21, ngokulandelelana), umzekelo, phakathi 420 yaye 345 ka (Supplementary umbhalo kunye namanani S5 kunye ne-S6) (25).Iisampulu zomungu ukusuka malunga nexesha.I-88 ukuya ku-78 ka iqulethe ipesenti ephezulu ye-pollen ye-Compositae, enokuthi ibonise ukuba uhlaza luphazamisekile kwaye luphakathi koluhlu lwempazamo yowona mhla omdala xa abantu behlala kwindawo.
Sisebenzisa indlela yemozulu engaqhelekanga (29) ukuhlalutya idatha ye-paleoecological kunye ne-paleoclimate yee-cores ezombiweyo ngaphambi nasemva kwe-85 ka, kwaye sihlolisise ubudlelwane bendalo phakathi kohlaza, ubuninzi beentlobo, kunye nemvula kunye ne-hypothesis yokuqhawula uqikelelo lwemozulu olusulungekileyo.Qhuba imowudi yesiseko ye ~ 550 ka.Le nkqubo yendalo itshintshileyo ichatshazelwa ziimeko zemvula ezaliswe ngamachibi kunye nemililo, nto leyo ebonakala kukungabikho kweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezitsha.Emva kwexesha lokugqibela lembalela, kwaphinda kwafunyanwa izinto ezithile zehlathi, kubandakanywa amahlathi asezintabeni zaseAfrika, anjengeoli yomnquma, kunye nezinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomlilo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, anjengeCeltis (Umbhalo owongezelelweyo noMfanekiso S5) ( 25).Ukuvavanya le ngcamango, senza imodeli yamanqanaba amanzi echibi avela kwi-ostracode kunye ne-authigenic mineral substitutes njengezinto ezizimeleyo eziguquguqukayo (21) kunye nezinto ezixhomekeke kuzo ezifana namalahle kunye ne-pollen enokuthi ichaphazeleke ngokunyuka komlilo (25).
Ukuze sijonge ukufana okanye umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlanganisela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, sasebenzisa i-pollen evela kwi-Podocarpus (umthi oluhlaza), ingca (ingca), kunye nomnquma (icandelo elimelana nomlilo kumahlathi eentaba zase-Afrika) uhlalutyo oluphambili lwe-coordinate (PCoA) kunye ne-miombo (elona candelo liphambili lemithi namhlanje).Ngokucwangcisa i-PCoA kwindawo edibeneyo emele inqanaba lechibi xa idibaniso nganye isenziwa, sihlolisise indlela ukudibanisa kwe-pollen kutshintsha ngokumalunga nemvula kunye nendlela obu budlelwane buguquka ngayo emva kwe-85 ka (Umfanekiso 3 kunye noMzobo S7).Phambi kwe-85 ka, iisampulu ezisekwe kwigramineous zadityaniswa ukuya kwiimeko ezomileyo, ngelixa iisampulu ezisekwe kwipodocarpus zidityanisiwe ukuya kwiimeko ezimanzi.Ngokwahlukileyo, iisampulu emva kwe-85 ka idityaniswe kunye neesampulu ezininzi phambi kwe-85 ka kwaye zinexabiso eliphakathi, elibonisa ukuba ukubunjwa kwazo akuqhelekanga kwiimeko ezifanayo zemvula.Isikhundla sabo kwi-PCoA sibonisa impembelelo ye-Olea kunye ne-miombo, zombini ezithandwa phantsi kweemeko ezinokuthi zivutha umlilo.Kwiisampulu emva kwe-85 ka, i-Podocarpus pine yayininzi kuphela kwiisampuli ezintathu ezilandelelanayo, ezenzeke emva kwekhefu phakathi kwe-78 kunye ne-79 ka-ka.Oku kubonisa ukuba emva kokuna kwemvula okokuqala, kubonakala ukuba ihlathi liye lachacha okwethutyana ngaphambi kokuba lidilike.
Inqaku ngalinye limele isampuli ye-pollen enye kwixesha elinikiweyo, usebenzisa isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo kunye nemodeli yobudala kwi-Figure 1. S8.I-vector imele isalathiso kunye negradient yotshintsho, kwaye i-vector ende imele intsingiselo eyomeleleyo.Umphezulu ongaphantsi umele inqanaba lamanzi echibi njengommeli wemvula;umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphezulu.Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lexabiso leempawu ze-PCoA linikezelwa kwidatha emva kwe-85 ka (idayimani ebomvu) kunye nayo yonke idatha evela kumanqanaba echibi afanayo ngaphambi kwe-85 ka (idayimani ephuzi).Ukusebenzisa idatha ye-636 ka yonke, "inqanaba lechibi elifanisiweyo" liphakathi kwe -0.130-σ kunye -0.198-σ kufuphi ne-eigenvalue ephakathi ye-PCA yezinga lechibi.
Ukuze sifunde ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-pollen, inqanaba lamanzi echibi kunye namalahle, sasebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-nonparametric multivariate of variance (NP-MANOVA) ukuthelekisa yonke "indalo" (emelwe yidatha ye-matrix ye-pollen, inqanaba lamanzi echibi kunye namalahle) kwaye emva 85 ka inguqu.Sifumene ukuba ukuhluka kunye ne-covariance efunyenwe kule matrix yedatha ihluke ngokwezibalo ngaphambi nangemva kwe-85 ka (Itheyibhile 1).
Idatha yethu yasemhlabeni ye-paleoenvironmental evela kwi-phytoliths kunye nomhlaba kumda we-West Lake iyahambelana nokutolika okusekwe kwi-proxy yechibi.Oku kubonisa ukuba phezu kwawo nje umphakamo ophakamileyo wamanzi echibini, imbonakalo-mhlaba iye yaguqulelwa ekubeni yinkangeleko yomhlaba ovulekileyo wamahlathi avulekileyo nethafa lengca, njenganamhlanje (25).Zonke iindawo ezihlalutyelwe i-phytoliths kumda osentshona we-basin zisemva ~ 45 ka kwaye zibonisa isixa esikhulu se-arboreal cover ebonisa iimeko ezimanzi.Nangona kunjalo, bakholelwa ukuba uninzi lwe-mulch ikwimo yehlathi elivulekileyo eligcwele i-bamboo kunye nengca ephazamisayo.Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-phytolith, imithi yesundu enganyangekiyo (i-Arecaceae) ikhona kuphela kunxweme lwechibi, kwaye inqabile okanye ayikho kwiindawo ze-archaeological zangaphakathi (Itheyibhile S8) (30).
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimeko ezimanzi kodwa ezivulekileyo kwi-Pleistocene emva kwexesha zinokuthi zithathwe kwii-paleosols zomhlaba (19).Udongwe lwe-Lagoon kunye ne-marsh umhlaba we-carbonate ukusuka kwindawo ye-archaeological ye-Mwanganda Village inokulandelwa emva kwe-40 ukuya kwi-28 cal ka-BP (i-Qian'anni ngaphambili eyayilinganisiwe) (Itheyibhile S4).Iimaleko zomhlaba wecarbonate kwibhedi yeChitimwe zihlala zinodular calcareous (Bkm) kunye neargillaceous kunye necarbonate (Btk) umaleko, nto leyo ebonisa indawo yozinzo lwe-geomorphological kunye nokuhla okucothayo ukusuka kwifeni ye-alluvial efikelela kude Malunga ne-29 cal ka BP (Eyongezelelweyo umbhalo).Umhlaba okhukulisiweyo, owenziwe lukhuni we-lateralite (i-lithic rock) eyenziwe kwiintsalela zabalandeli bamandulo ibonisa iimeko ze-landscape ezivulekileyo (31) kunye nemvula enamandla yonyaka (32), ebonisa impembelelo eqhubekayo yale miqathango kwi-landscape.
Inkxaso yendima yomlilo kolu tshintsho luvela kwiirekhodi ezidityanisiweyo ze-macro charcoal cores, kunye nokungena kwamalahle asuka kwiCentral Basin (MAL05-1B/1C) kuye kwanda ngokubanzi ukusuka malunga.175 amakhadi.Inani elikhulu leencopho zilandela phakathi malunga.Emva kwe-135 kunye ne-175 ka kunye ne-85 kunye ne-100 ka, inqanaba lechibi liphinde labuyiselwa, kodwa ihlathi kunye neentlobo zobutyebi azizange ziphinde zibuyele (Isicatshulwa esongezelelweyo, uMzobo 2 kunye noMzobo S5).Ubudlelwane phakathi kokungena kwamalahle kunye nokuba buthathaka kwemagnethi kwintlenga yechibi nako kungabonisa iipatheni zembali yomlilo yexesha elide (33).Sebenzisa idatha evela eLyons et al.(34) I-Lake Malawi iqhubekile nokutshabalalisa indawo etshisiweyo emva kwe-85 ka, nto leyo ethetha ulungelelwaniso oluhle (i-Spearman's Rs = 0.2542 kunye ne-P = 0.0002; iTheyibhile S7), ngelixa i-sediments endala ibonisa ubudlelwane obuchasayo (Rs = -0.2509 kunye ne-P
0.0001).Kwi-basin esemantla, undoqo we-MAL05-2A omfutshane uneyona ndawo inzulu yokuthandana, kwaye i-tuff encinci ye-Toba yi ~74 ukuya ku-75 ka (35).Nangona ingenayo imbono yexesha elide, ifumana igalelo ngokuthe ngqo kwisitya apho idatha ye-archaeological ifumaneka khona.Iirekhodi zamalahle e-basin esenyakatho zibonisa ukuba ukususela kwi-Toba crypto-tephra uphawu, igalelo lamalahle avuthayo liye lanyuka ngokukhawuleza ngexesha apho ubungqina be-archaeological buxhaphake kakhulu (Umfanekiso 2B).
Ubungqina bomlilo owenziwe ngumntu busenokubonisa ukusetyenziswa ngabom kwisikali somhlaba, ukwanda kwabemi okubangela ukutshiswa okukhulu okanye okukhulu kwisiza, ukuguqulwa kokufumaneka kwepetroli ngokuvuna amahlathi aphantsi, okanye indibaniselwano yale misebenzi.Abazingeli bale mihla basebenzisa umlilo ukuze batshintshe imbuyekezo yokufuna ukutya (2).Imisebenzi yabo yonyusa intabalala yexhoba, igcina imbonakalo yomhlaba yemosaic, kwaye yandise iyantlukwano yobushushu kunye nokwahluka kwezigaba zokulandelelana (13).Umlilo nawo ubalulekile kwimisebenzi yesiza efana nokufudumeza, ukupheka, ukukhusela, kunye nokuhlalisana (14).Nomahluko omncinci wokusasazwa komlilo ngaphandle kwemibane yendalo inokutshintsha iipatheni zokulandelelana kwehlathi, ukufumaneka kwamafutha, kunye nexesha lokudubula.Ukuncitshiswa kwemithi egqunywe yimithi kunye nemithi ephantsi kakhulu kunokwandisa ukhukuliseko, kwaye ilahleko yeentlobo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kule ndawo inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokulahlekelwa kwamahlathi asezintabeni zaseAfrika (25).
Kwirekhodi ye-archaeological ngaphambi kokuba i-MSA iqale, ulawulo lomntu lomlilo luye lwaqiniswa kakuhle (15), kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesixhobo sokulawula umhlaba kuye kwabhalwa kuphela kwiimeko ezimbalwa zePaleolithic.Ezi ziquka malunga ne-Australia.40 ka (36), Highland New Guinea.45 ka (37) isivumelwano soxolo.50 ka-Niah Cave (38) kwi-lowland Borneo.EMerika, xa abantu beqala ukungena kule mixokomelwano yendalo, ngakumbi kwixa elidlulileyo le-20 ka (16), ukutshiswa kokwenziwa kwezinto kwakucingwa ukuba yeyona nto iphambili ekuhlengahlengisweni kwezityalo nezilwanyana.Ezi zigqibo kufuneka zisekelwe kubungqina obufanelekileyo, kodwa kwimeko yokudibana ngokuthe ngqo kwe-archaeological, geological, geomorphological, kunye nedatha ye-paleoenvironmental, ingxabano ye-causality iye yaqiniswa.Nangona idatha engundoqo yolwandle yamanzi aselunxwemeni lwase-Afrika sele ibonelele ubungqina bokutshintsha komlilo kwixesha elidlulileyo malunga ne-400 ka (9), apha sinika ubungqina bempembelelo yabantu ukusuka kwiiseti zedatha ye-archaeological, paleoenvironmental, kunye ne-geomorphological.
Ukuchongwa kwemililo eyenziwe ngabantu kwiirekhodi ze-paleoenvironmental kufuna ubungqina bemisebenzi yomlilo kunye notshintsho lwexesha okanye lwendawo yezityalo, ebonisa ukuba olu tshintsho aluqikelelwanga yiparameters yemozulu kuphela, kunye nexesha / indawo yokudibana phakathi kokutshintsha kweemeko zomlilo kunye nokutshintsha kwabantu. (29) Apha, ubungqina bokuqala bokuxhaphaka kokuhlala kwe-MSA kunye nokwakheka kwabalandeli be-alluvial kwi-Lake Malawi basin kwenzeke malunga nokuqala kohlengahlengiso olukhulu lwezityalo zengingqi.Amakhadi angama-85.Ubuninzi bamalahle kumbindi we-MAL05-1B/1C bubonisa indlela yommandla wokuveliswa kwamalahle kunye nokubekwa, malunga ne-150 ka xa kuthelekiswa nayo yonke irekhodi ye-636 ka (Amanani S5, S9, kunye ne-S10).Olu tshintsho lubonisa igalelo elibalulekileyo lomlilo ekubumbeni ukubunjwa kwe-ecosystem, engenakuchazwa yimozulu yodwa.Kwiimeko zendalo zomlilo, ukuvutha kombane kudla ngokubakho ekupheleni kwexesha elomileyo (39).Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isibaso somile ngokwaneleyo, imililo eyenziwe ngabantu inokuvutha nangaliphi na ixesha.Ngokomlinganiselo wendawo, abantu banokuqhubeka betshintsha umlilo ngokutheza iinkuni phantsi kwehlathi.Isiphelo salo naluphi na uhlobo lomlilo owenziwe ngumntu kukuba unakho ukubangela ukutya okuninzi kwemithi, okuhlala unyaka wonke, nakuzo zonke izikali.
EMzantsi Afrika, kwasekuqaleni kwi-164 ka (12), umlilo wawusetyenziselwa ukunyanga ubushushu bamatye okwenza izixhobo.Kwasekude nge-170 ka (40), umlilo wawusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokupheka izigaqa zesitatshi, kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo umlilo kumaxesha amandulo.Izixhobo eziPhumelelayo-Imbonakalo yembonakalo (41).Imililo yomhlaba inciphisa i-arboreal cover kwaye sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokugcina indawo enengca kunye neendawo ezisingqongileyo zehlathi, eziziimpawu ezichaza izinto eziphilayo ezilawulwa ngabantu (13).Ukuba injongo yokutshintsha uhlaza okanye ukuziphatha kwamaxhoba kukwandisa ukutshisa okwenziwe ngumntu, ngoko ke le ndlela yokuziphatha ibonisa ukwanda kobunzima bokulawula kunye nokuthunyelwa komlilo ngabantu bokuqala banamhlanje xa kuthelekiswa nabantu bokuqala, kwaye ibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane bethu nomlilo buqhubekile. ukutshintsha kokuxhomekeka (7).Uhlalutyo lwethu lunikeza indlela eyongezelelweyo yokuqonda utshintsho ekusetyenzisweni komlilo ngabantu kwi-Late Pleistocene, kunye nempembelelo yolu tshintsho kwindawo yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ukwandiswa kwabalandeli be-Late Quaternary alluvial kummandla waseKaronga kusenokuba ngenxa yotshintsho kumjikelo wokutsha wamaxesha onyaka phantsi kweemeko ezingaphezulu kunomndilili wemvula, okukhokelela ekwandeni kokhukuliseko lwenduli.Indlela yesi sehlo inokuba yimpendulo yomlinganiselo wamanzi oqhutywa luphazamiseko olubangelwe ngumlilo, ukhukuliseko oluphuculweyo noluzinzileyo lwendawo ephezulu yommandla wamanzi, kunye nokwandiswa kweefeni ze-alluvial kwindawo ye-piedmont kufuphi neLake Malawi.Ezi mpendulo zinokuquka ukutshintsha iipropati zomhlaba ukunciphisa ukungeneka, ukunciphisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu, kunye nokunyusa ukubaleka kwamanzi ngenxa yendibaniselwano yeemeko zemvula ephezulu kunye nokucutheka kwe-arboreal cover (42).Ubukho be-sediments buphuculwe ekuqaleni ngokuxobula izinto zokugubungela, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla omhlaba anokuncipha ngenxa yokufudumeza kunye nokunciphisa amandla eengcambu.Ukukhutshwa komhlaba ongaphezulu kwandisa intlenga eguquguqukayo, ehlaliswa kukuqokelelana okumile okwefeni ezantsi komlambo kwaye kukhawulezise ukubunjwa komhlaba obomvu kwi-fan-shaped.
Izinto ezininzi ziyakwazi ukulawula impendulo ye-landscape kwiimeko zomlilo eziguqukayo, ezininzi zazo zisebenza ngexesha elifutshane (42-44).Umqondiso esinxulumanisa apha uyabonakala kwisikali sexesha lewaka leminyaka.Uhlalutyo kunye neemodeli zokuzivelela komhlaba zibonisa ukuba ngokuphazamiseka kwezityalo okubangelwa yimililo yasendle ephindaphindiweyo, izinga le-denudation litshintshile kakhulu kwi-millennium time scale (45, 46).Ukunqongophala kweengxelo zefosili zengingqi ezingqamana neenguqu eziqatshelweyo kwiirekhodi zamalahle kunye nezityalo kuthintela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweziphumo zokuziphatha komntu kunye notshintsho lwemo engqongileyo ekubunjweni koluntu lwezilwanyana ezitya utyani.Nangona kunjalo, izilwanyana ezinkulu ezitya utyani ezihlala kwiindawo ezivuleleke ngakumbi zidlala indima ekuzigcineni nasekuthinteleni uhlaza olunemithi (47).Ubungqina botshintsho kumacandelo ahlukeneyo okusingqongileyo akufanele kulindelwe ukuba kwenzeke ngaxeshanye, kodwa kufuneka kubonwe njengoluhlu lweziphumo eziqokelelweyo ezinokuthi zenzeke kwixesha elide (11).Sisebenzisa indlela yemozulu engaqhelekanga (29), sithatha imisebenzi yabantu njengeyona nto iphambili ekuqhubeni ukubunjwa kwenkangeleko yelizwe elikumantla eMalawi ngexesha leLate Pleistocene.Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo zisenokuthi zisekelwe kwilifa langaphambili, elingacacanga kangako lentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu nokusingqongileyo.Incopho yamalahle ebonakale kwirekhodi ye-paleoenvironmental ngaphambi komhla wokuqala we-archaeological ingabandakanya icandelo le-anthropogenic elingabangeli utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-ecological efanayo njengoko kubhaliwe kamva, kwaye ayibandakanyi iidiphozithi ezaneleyo ukubonisa ngokuzithemba umsebenzi womntu.
Intlenga emifutshane, njengezo zisuka ecaleni kweChibi leMasoko eTanzania, okanye intlenga emifutshane kwiLake Malawi, zibonisa ukuba umungu omninzi wengca kunye nemithi yemithi itshintshile, okuye kwabangelwa yile minyaka ingama-45 idlulileyo.Ukutshintsha kwemozulu yendalo ka (48-50).Nangona kunjalo, kuphela ukuqwalaselwa kwexesha elide kwirekhodi ye-pollen ye-Lake Malawi > 600 ka, kunye ne-archaeological landscape ecaleni kwayo, apho kunokwenzeka ukuqonda imozulu, uhlaza, amalahle, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu.Nangona abantu kusenokwenzeka ukuba bavele kwindawo esemantla eLake Malawi basin phambi 85 ka, malunga 85 ka, ingakumbi emva 70 ka, ibonisa ukuba indawo enomtsalane ukuhlala abantu emva kokuba ixesha lembalela enkulu yokugqibela iphelile.Ngeli xesha, ukusetyenziswa komlilo okutsha okanye okunzulu ngakumbi ngabantu ngokucacileyo kudityaniswe nokutshintsha kwemozulu yendalo ukuze kwakhiwe kwakhona ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo> 550-ka, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwakheka umhlaba owenziweyo wangaphambi kwezolimo (Umfanekiso 4).Ngokungafaniyo namaxesha angaphambili, ubume bentlenga bomhlaba bugcina isiza se-MSA, esingumsebenzi wobudlelwane obuphinda-phindayo phakathi kokusingqongileyo (ulwabiwo lwezixhobo), ukuziphatha komntu (iipateni zokusebenza), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabalandeli (ukubekwa/ ukungcwatywa kwendawo).
(A) Malunga.400 ka: Akukho mntu unokubhaqwa.Iimeko zokufuma ziyafana nanamhlanje, kwaye inqanaba lechibi liphezulu.Iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-arboreal ezikwazi ukumelana nomlilo.(B) Malunga ne-100 ka: Akukho ngxelo yezinto zakudala, kodwa ubukho babantu bunokubonwa ngokungena kwamalahle.Iimeko ezomileyo kakhulu zenzeka kwindawo ezomileyo zamanzi.Umandlalo welitye uyavezwa ngokubanzi kwaye intlenga yomphezulu ilinganiselwe.(C) Malunga ne-85 ukuya kwi-60 ka: Umgangatho wamanzi echibini uyanda ngokunyuka kwemvula.Ubukho babantu bunokufunyanwa nge-archeology emva kwe-92 ka, kwaye emva kwe-70 ka, ukutshiswa kweendawo eziphakamileyo kunye nokwandiswa kwabalandeli be-alluvial kuya kulandela.Kuye kwavela inkqubo yezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomlilo.(D) Malunga ne-40 ukuya kwi-20 ka: Ukufakwa kwamalahle okusingqongileyo kwisitya esisemantla kuye kwanda.Ukuqulunqwa kwabalandeli be-alluvial kwaqhubeka, kodwa kwaqala ukuba buthathaka ekupheleni kweli xesha.Xa kuthelekiswa nerekhodi yangaphambili ye-636 ka, inqanaba lechibi lihlala liphezulu kwaye lizinzile.
I-Anthropocene imele ukuqokelelwa kokuziphatha kwe-niche-building ephuhliswe kumawaka eminyaka, kwaye isikali sayo siyingqayizivele kwi-Homo sapiens yanamhlanje (1, 51).Kwimeko yanamhlanje, ngokungeniswa kwezolimo, imihlaba eyenziwe ngabantu iyaqhubeka ikhona kwaye iqinisa, kodwa izandiso zeepatheni ezisungulwe ngexesha le-Pleistocene, kunokuba i-disconnections (52).Iinkcukacha ezisuka kumantla eMalawi zibonisa ukuba ixesha lotshintsho kwi-ikholoji linokuba lide, libenzima kwaye liphindaphindeke.Esi sikali senguqu sibonakalisa ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwe-ikholoji yabantu bakudala banamhlanje kwaye lubonisa inguquko yabo kwiintlobo zezityalo ezilawula ihlabathi namhlanje.
Ngokutsho kweprotocol echazwe nguThompson et al., Uphando lwendawo kunye nokurekhoda kwezinto zakudala kunye neempawu ze-cobblestone kwindawo yokuhlola.(53).Ukubekwa komgodi wokuvavanya kunye nokumbiwa kwendawo ephambili, kubandakanywa i-micromorphology kunye nesampulu ye-phytolith, ilandele iprotocol echazwe nguThompson et al.(18) kunye noWright et al.(19).Imephu yenkqubo yethu yolwazi lwejografi (GIS) esekwe kwimephu yejoloji yaseMalawi yommandla ibonisa unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi kweebhedi zaseChitimwe kunye neendawo zakudala (Figure S1).Isithuba esiphakathi kwemingxuma yovavanyo lwejoloji kunye neyokudala izinto zakudala kummandla waseKaronga kukubamba owona mfanekiso ubanzi wesampulu (Umfanekiso S2).I-geomorphology yaseKaronga, ubudala bejoloji kunye nophando lwenzululwazi ngezakudala lubandakanya iindlela ezine eziphambili zovavanyo lwendawo: uphando lwabahambi ngeenyawo, imingxuma yovavanyo lwe-archaeology, imingxuma yovavanyo lwejoloji kunye nokwembiwa kwesiza okuneenkcukacha.Ngokudibeneyo, obu buchule buvumela ukuba kwenziwe isampulu yeyona ndawo iphambili yokuvezwa kwebhedi yaseChitimwe emantla, embindini, nakumazantsi eKaronga (Figure S3).
Uphando olukwisiza kunye nokurekhodwa kwezinto zakudala kunye neempawu zecobblestone kwindawo yovavanyo lwabahambi ngeenyawo ilandele iprotocol echazwe nguThompson et al.(53).Le ndlela ineenjongo eziphambili ezimbini.Eyokuqala kukuchonga iindawo apho i-relics yenkcubeko iye yachithwa khona, kwaye emva koko ibeka imigodi yovavanyo lwe-archaeological enyukayo kwezi ndawo ukubuyisela i-relics yenkcubeko kwi-situ ukusuka kwindawo engcwatywe.Injongo yesibini kukurekhoda ngokusemthethweni ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zakudala, iimpawu zabo, kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nomthombo wezinto zamatye ezikufutshane (53).Kulo msebenzi, iqela labantu abathathu lahamba kumgama we-2 ukuya kwi-3 yeemitha ukuya kwi-147.5 yeekhilomitha ezilandelelanayo zizonke, zinqumla uninzi lweebhedi ezizotyiweyo zaseChitimwe (Itheyibhile S6).
Umsebenzi waqala wajolisa kwiibhedi zaseChitimwe ukwandisa iisampulu ze-artifact ezibonwayo, kwaye okwesibini kugxininise kumacandelo omde omde ukusuka elunxwemeni lwechibi ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezinqumla iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zentlenga.Oku kuqinisekisa uqwalaselo oluphambili lokuba izinto zakudala ezibekwe phakathi kweendawo eziphakamileyo ezisentshona kunye nonxweme lwechibi zinxulumene kuphela nebhedi yaseChitimwe okanye yamva nje yeLate Pleistocene kunye nentlenga yeHolocene.Izinto zobugcisa ezifunyenwe kwezinye iidiphozithi zingekho kwindawo, zifuduselwe kwezinye iindawo ezikumhlaba, njengoko kunokubonwa kubuninzi bazo, ubungakanani, kunye neqondo lemozulu.
Umgodi wovavanyo lwe-archaeological endaweni kunye nokumbiwa kwendawo ephambili, kubandakanya i-micromorphology kunye nesampulu ye-phytolith, ilandele iprotocol echazwe nguThompson et al.(18, 54) kunye noWright et al.(19, 55).Eyona njongo iphambili kukuqonda ukuhanjiswa okungaphantsi komhlaba kwezinto zakudala kunye nentlenga emile okwefeni kwindawo enkulu.I-Artifacts idla ngokungcwatywa nzulu kuzo zonke iindawo kwiibhedi zaseChitimwe, ngaphandle kweencam, apho ukhukuliseko luqalisile ukususa umphezulu wentlenga.Ngexesha lophando olungekho sikweni, abantu ababini badlula kwiibhedi zaseChitimwe, eziboniswe njengeempawu zemephu kwimephu yejoloji karhulumente waseMalawi.Xa aba bantu badibana namagxa entlenga yeChitimwe Bed, baqalisa ukuhamba ecaleni, apho babenokubona izinto ezenziweyo zikhukuliswa yintlenge.Ngokuthambekela ukugrumba ukuya phezulu kancinane (3 ukuya kwi-8 m) ukusuka kwizinto zakudala ezikhukulisayo, ukomba lungabonisa indawo ezikuyo kwindawo xa kuthelekiswa nentlenga eziqulethwe kuyo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokwembiwa okukhulu ecaleni.Imingxuma yovavanyo ibekwe ukuze ibe kude kwiimitha ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-300 ukusuka kowona mgodi ukufutshane, ngaloo ndlela kubanjwa utshintsho kwintlenga yebhedi yaseChitimwe kunye nezinto ezikuzo.Kwezinye iimeko, umgodi wokuvavanya watyhila indawo eyathi kamva yaba yindawo yokwembiwa ngokupheleleyo.
Yonke imingxuma yokuvavanya iqala ngesikweri se-1 × 2 m, ijonge emantla-emazantsi, kwaye igrunjwe kwiiyunithi ezingaqhelekanga ze-20 cm, ngaphandle kokuba umbala, ukuthungwa, okanye umxholo wentlenga utshintsha kakhulu.Rekhoda i-sedimentology kunye neempawu zomhlaba wazo zonke iintlenga ezigrunjiweyo, ezidlula ngokulinganayo kwi-5 mm yesisefu esomileyo.Ukuba ubunzulu be-deposition buqhubeka budlula i-0.8 ukuya kwi-1 m, yeka ukumba kwenye yeemitha ezimbini zesikwere kwaye uqhubeke nokumba kwenye, ngokwenza "inyathelo" ukuze ukwazi ukungena kwiingqimba ezinzulu ngokukhuselekileyo.Emva koko qhubeka ugrumba de kufike ilitye, ubuncinci i-40 cm yentlenga ye-archeologically sterile ingaphantsi koxinaniso lwezinto zakudala, okanye ukomba alukhuselekanga kakhulu (bunzulu) ukuba luqhubeke.Kwezinye iimeko, ubunzulu be-deposition bufuna ukwandisa umgodi wokuvavanya kwimitha yesithathu yesikwere kwaye ungene kumsele ngamanyathelo amabini.
Imingxuma yovavanyo lwejoloji ngaphambili yabonisa ukuba iibhedi zaseChitimwe zihlala zivela kwiimephu zejoloji ngenxa yombala wazo obomvu owahlukileyo.Xa zibandakanya imijelo ebanzi kunye nentlenga yomlambo, kunye nentlenga ye-alluvial fan, ayisoloko ibonakala ibomvu (19).I-Geology Umngxuma wovavanyo wembiwa njengomngxuma olula owenzelwe ukususa intlenga engaphezulu exubeneyo ukuze kuvele intlenga engaphantsi komhlaba.Oku kuyimfuneko ngenxa yokuba ibhedi yaseChitimwe ikhukulisekile ibe yinduli yeparabolic, kwaye kukho intlenga edilikayo kwithambeka, elidla ngokungazenzi iindawo ezicacileyo zendalo okanye ukusikeka.Ke ngoko, olu phando lwenzeka kumphezulu webhedi yaseChitimwe, kucingelwa ukuba kukho unxibelelwano olungaphantsi komhlaba phakathi kwebhedi yeChitimwe kunye nebhedi yePliocene Chiwondo engezantsi, okanye lwenzeka apho intlenga yomlambo ifuna ukuba nomhla (55).
Ukumba okupheleleyo kwezinto zakudala kuqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezithembisa inani elikhulu leendibano zezixhobo zamatye kwi-situ, ngokuqhelekileyo zisekelwe kwimigodi yokuvavanya okanye iindawo apho inani elikhulu leenkcubeko zenkcubeko linokubonwa liphuma kwi-slope.Izinto eziphambili ezigrunjiweyo zenkcubeko zifunyenwe kwiiyunithi ze-sedimentary ezembiwe ngokwahlukileyo kwisikwere se-1 × 1 m.Ukuba ubuninzi bee-artifacts buphezulu, iyunithi yokumba i-10 okanye i-5 cm spout.Zonke iimveliso zamatye, amathambo efosili kunye ne-ocher zazotywa ngexesha lokwembiwa okukhulu, kwaye akukho mda wobungakanani.Ubungakanani beskrini yi-5mm.Ukuba ii-relics zenkcubeko zifunyenwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokwemba, ziya kunikwa inombolo eyodwa yokufumanisa umzobo webhakhowudi, kwaye amanani okufumanisa kuluhlu olufanayo aya kubelwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ezihluziweyo.Izinto zenkcubeko ziphawulwa nge-inki esisigxina, zifakwe kwiingxowa ezineelebhile zemizekelo, kwaye zifakwe kunye nezinye izinto zenkcubeko ezivela kwimvelaphi efanayo.Emva kokuhlalutya, zonke izinto zenkcubeko zigcinwa kwiZiko leNkcubeko kunye neMyuziyam yaseKaronga.
Zonke izinto ezigrunjwayo zenziwa ngokwestrata zendalo.Ezi zihlulwe zibe ngama-spits, kwaye ubukhulu be-spit buxhomekeke kwi-artifact density (umzekelo, ukuba i-artifact density iphantsi, ubukhulu be-spit buya kuba phezulu).Idatha yangasemva (umzekelo, iipropati zentlenga, unxulumano lwangasemva, kunye noqwalaselo lophazamiseko kunye noxinano lwe-artifact) zirekhodwa kuvimba wofikelelo.Yonke idatha yokulungelelanisa (umzekelo, ukufunyaniswa kuzotywe kumacandelo, ukuphakama komxholo, iikona zesikwere, kunye neesampuli) zisekelwe kwi-Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) i-coordinates (WGS 1984, Zone 36S).Kwindawo ephambili, zonke iingongoma zirekhodwa kusetyenziswa i-Nikon Nivo C series 5″ iyonke isikhululo, esakhiwe kwigridi yendawo kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumantla e-UTM.Indawo yekona yomntla-ntshona wesiza ngasinye sokomba kunye nendawo yesiza ngasinye sokomba Isixa sentlenga sinikiwe kwiThebhile S5.
Icandelo le-sedimentology kunye neempawu zesayensi yomhlaba yazo zonke iiyunithi ezombiweyo zarekhodwa kusetyenziswa iNkqubo yeKlasi yeCandelo lezoLimo laseMelika (56).Iiyunithi zeSedimentary zichazwe ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bengqolowa, i-angularity, kunye neempawu zokulala.Qaphela ukubandakanywa okungaqhelekanga kunye nokuphazamiseka okuhambelana neyunithi yentlenga.Uphuhliso lomhlaba lumiselwa ngokuqokelelwa kwe sesquioxide okanye carbonate kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba.Imozulu engaphantsi komhlaba (umzekelo, i-redox, ukwakheka kwamaqhuqhuva entsalela yemanganese) nako kurekhodishwa rhoqo.
Indawo yokuqokelela iisampulu ze-OSL imiselwa ngokwesiseko sokuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iifaci ezinokuvelisa olona qikelelo luthembekileyo lobudala bokungcwatywa kwentlenga.Kwindawo yesampulu, kwagrunjwa imisele ukubonisa umaleko wentlenga we authigenic.Qokelela zonke iisampulu ezisetyenziselwa ukuthandana OSL ngokufaka ityhubhu yentsimbi opaque (malunga ne-4 cm ububanzi kwaye malunga ne-25 cm ubude) kwiprofayile yentlenga.
I-OSL yokuthandana ilinganisa ubungakanani beqela leelektroni ezivalelwe kwiikristale (ezifana nequartz okanye i-feldspar) ngenxa yokuvezwa kwimitha ye-ionizing.Uninzi lwale mitha luvela ekuboleni kwee-isotopi ze-radioactive kwimeko-bume, kunye nenani elincinci lamacandelo ongezelelweyo kwi-tropical latitudes livela kuhlobo lwemitha ye-cosmic.Ii-electron ezibanjiweyo zikhutshwa xa i-crystal ibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni, eyenzeka ngexesha lokuthutha (isiganeko se-zeroing) okanye kwi-laboratory, apho ukukhanya kwenzeka kwi-sensor ekwazi ukubona iifotoni (umzekelo, i-tube ye-photomultiplier okanye ikhamera ene-charged. isixhobo sokudibanisa) Indawo engezantsi ikhupha xa i-electron ibuyela kwimeko yomhlaba.Iincinci ze-quartz ezinobungakanani phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-250 μm zihlulwe ngokuhluza, unyango lwe-asidi kunye nokuhlukana koxinzelelo, kwaye zisetyenziswe njenge-aliquots ezincinci (<100 iincinci) ezifakwe kumphezulu weplate ye-aluminium okanye igrunjwe kwi-300 x 300 mm kakuhle Umntu ngamnye. amasuntswana ahlalutywa kwipani yealuminiyam.Idosi engcwatyiweyo idla ngokuqikelelwa kusetyenziswa indlela enye yokuvuselela i-aliquot (57).Ukongeza ekuvavanyeni idosi yemitha efunyenwe ngamakhozo, ukuthandana kwe-OSL kukwafuna ukuqikelela iqondo lethamo ngokulinganisa i-radionuclide yoxinaniso kwintlenga yesampulu eqokelelweyo kusetyenziswa i-gamma spectroscopy okanye uhlalutyo lokuvula i-neutron, kunye nokumisela isampuli yesalathiso sedosi ye-cosmic Indawo kunye nobunzulu be ukungcwatywa.Ukumiselwa kweminyaka yokugqibela kuphunyezwa ngokwahlula idosi yokungcwaba ngokwezinga ledosi.Nangona kunjalo, xa kukho utshintsho kwithamo elilinganiswe yinkozo enye okanye iqela leenkozo, imodeli yamanani iyadingeka ukumisela umthamo ongcwatyiweyo ofanelekileyo oza kusetyenziswa.Idosi engcwatyiweyo ibalwa apha kusetyenziswa imodeli yexesha eliphakathi, kwimeko yokuthandana kwe-aliquot eyodwa, okanye kwimeko yokuthandana kwesuntswana elinye, kusetyenziswa imodeli yomxube ogqityiweyo (58).
Iilabhoratri ezintathu ezizimeleyo zenze uhlalutyo lwe-OSL kolu phononongo.Iindlela ezineenkcukacha zomntu ngamnye kwilabhoratri nganye zibonisiwe ngezantsi.Ngokubanzi, sisebenzisa indlela yedosi yokuvuselela ukusebenzisa i-OSL yokufumana ama-aliquots amancinci (amashumi eenkozo) endaweni yokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olulodwa lwengqolowa.Oku kungenxa yokuba ngexesha lovavanyo lokukhula ngokutsha, izinga lokubuyisela isampuli encinci liphantsi (<2%), kwaye isignali ye-OSL ayigcwaliswanga kwinqanaba lesignali yendalo.I-inter-laboratory consistency yokumisela ubudala, ukuhambelana kweziphumo ngaphakathi naphakathi kweeprofayili ze-stratigraphic ezivavanyiweyo, kunye nokuhambelana nokutolika kwe-geomorphological ye-14C yobudala be-carbonate rocks sisiseko esingundoqo solu vavanyo.Ilabhoratri nganye yavavanya okanye iphumeze isivumelwano sokuziinkozo esinye, kodwa ngokuzimeleyo yazimisela ukuba ayifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa kolu phononongo.Iindlela ezineenkcukacha kunye neeprothokholi zokuhlalutya ezilandelwa yilabhoratri nganye zibonelelwa kwizinto ezongezelelweyo kunye neendlela.
Izinto ezenziwe ngamatye ezifunyenwe kwimingxuma elawulwayo (BRU-I; CHA-I, CHA-II, CHA-III; MGD-I, MGD-II, kunye MGD-III; kunye neSS-I) zisekelwe kwinkqubo yemetric kunye nomgangatho. iimpawu.Yenza umlinganiselo wobunzima kunye nobukhulu obukhulu bomsebenzi ngamnye (usebenzisa isikali sedijithali ukulinganisa ubunzima yi-0.1 g; usebenzisa i-Mitutoyo digital caliper ukulinganisa yonke imilinganiselo yi-0.01 mm).Zonke iintsalela zenkcubeko zikwahlulwa ngokwezixhobo ezikrwada (iquartz, quartzite, flint, njl.njl.), ubungakanani bengqolowa (ilungile, iphakathi, irhabaxa), ukufana kobungakanani beenkozo, umbala, uhlobo lwecortex kunye nokugubungela, imozulu / umda wokujikeleza kunye nebakala lobuchwephesha. (ezipheleleyo okanye eziqhekekileyo) Iicores okanye iiflakes, iiflakes / iikona zekona, amatye ehamile, iibhombu kunye nabanye).
Undoqo ulinganiswa ngobude bawo obukhulu;ubukhulu bobubanzi;ububanzi yi-15%, 50%, kunye ne-85% yobude;ubukhulu obukhulu;ubukhulu yi-15%, 50%, kunye ne-85% yobude.Imilinganiselo yenziwe kwakhona ukuvavanya iimpawu zomthamo we-core of hemispherical tissues (radial kunye neLevallois).Zombini ii-cores eziqinileyo kunye eziphukileyo zihlelwa ngokwendlela yokusetha kwakhona (iqonga elilodwa okanye i-multi-platform, i-radial, i-Levallois, njl.), kunye nezibazi ezinqabileyo zibalwa kwi-≥15 mm kunye ne-≥20% yobude obuphambili.I-cores ene-5 okanye ngaphantsi kwe-15 mm scars ihlelwa njenge "random".I-cortical coverage yendawo yonke engundoqo irekhodwa, kwaye i-cortical coverage ehambelanayo yecala ngalinye irekhodwa kumbindi we-hemispherical tissue.
Iphepha lilinganiswa ngobude balo obukhulu;ubukhulu bobubanzi;ububanzi yi-15%, 50%, kunye ne-85% yobude;ubukhulu obukhulu;ubukhulu yi-15%, 50%, kunye ne-85% yobude.Chaza iziqwenga ngokwamacandelo asele (i-proximal, ephakathi, i-distal, ihlulwe ngakwesokudla kwaye ihlulwe ngakwesobunxele).Ubude bubalwa ngokwahlula ubude obuninzi ngobubanzi obukhulu.Ukulinganisa ububanzi beqonga, ubukhulu, kunye ne-engile yeqonga yangaphandle yesilayi esingaguqukiyo kunye namaqhekeza e-proximal slice, kwaye uhlele amaqonga ngokwenqanaba lokulungiselela.Rekhoda i-cortical coverage kunye nendawo kuzo zonke izilayi kunye namaqhekeza.Imiphetho ekude ihlelwa ngokohlobo lokuphelisa (iintsiba, ihinge, kunye nefolokhwe ephezulu).Kwisilayi esipheleleyo, rekhoda inani kunye necala lesiva kwisilayi sangaphambili.Xa udibana, bhala indawo yokuguqulwa kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokuhambelana neprotocol esekwe nguClarkson (59).Izicwangciso zokuhlaziya ziye zaqaliswa kuninzi lwendibaniselwano yokomba ukuhlola iindlela zokubuyisela kunye nokuthembeka kokubekwa kwendawo.
Izinto ezenziwe ngamatye ezifunyenwe kwiimvavanyo zokuvavanya (CS-TP1-21, SS-TP1-16 kunye ne-NGA-TP1-8) zichazwe ngokwesicwangciso esilula kunokulawulwa kokulawulwa.Kwi-artifact nganye, ezi mpawu zilandelayo zirekhodwe: izinto eziluhlaza, ubungakanani beqhekeza, i-cortex coverage, ibakala lobungakanani, umonakalo wemozulu / umda, amacandelo ezobugcisa, kunye nokugcinwa kwamaqhekeza.Amanqaku achazayo kwiimpawu zokuxilonga iiflakes kunye neecores zirekhodwa.
Iibhloko ezipheleleyo zentlenga zaye zasikwa kumacandelo angaphandle emingxuma eyombiweyo nakwimisele yokwakheka komhlaba.La matye agxininiswe kwisiza kunye ne-plaster bandages okanye iphepha langasese kunye ne-packaging tape, kwaye emva koko athunyelwa kwi-Geological Archaeology Laboratory yeYunivesithi yaseTubingen eJamani.Apho, isampuli yomisiwe kwi-40 ° C ubuncinane ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24.Emva koko baphiliswa phantsi kwe-vacuum, besebenzisa umxube we-polyester resin engakhuthazwayo kunye ne-styrene kwisilinganiselo se-7: 3.I-Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide isetyenziswe njenge-catalyst, i-resin-styrene umxube (3 ukuya kwi-5 ml / l).Emva kokuba umxube we-resin usele, fudumeza isampuli kwi-40 ° C ubuncinane ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24 ukuqinisa ngokupheleleyo umxube.Sebenzisa isarha yethayile ukusika isampulu eqinisiweyo ibe ngamaqhezu angama-6 × 9 cm, uwancamathele kwisilayidi seglasi uze uwagalele kubunzima obungama-30 μm.Izilayi ezifunyenweyo zaskenwa kusetyenziswa iskena se-flatbed, kwaye zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa ukukhanya kwe-plane polarized, ukukhanya okunqamlezayo, ukukhanya kwesiganeko se-oblique, kunye ne-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeso lenyama kunye nokukhulisa (× 50 ukuya ku-× 200).Isigama kunye nenkcazo yamacandelo amancinci alandela izikhokelo ezipapashwe yi-Stoops (60) kunye ne-Courty et al.(61).Amaqhuqhuva ecarbonate eyenza umhlaba aqokelelwe kubunzulu be> 80 cm anqunyulwa abe sisiqingatha ukuze isiqingatha similiselwe kwaye senziwe kwizilayi ezibhityileyo (4.5 × 2.6 cm) kusetyenziswa imikroskopu eqhelekileyo yestereo kunye ne-petrographic microscope kunye ne-cathodoluminescence (CL) ngemakroskopu yophando. .Ukulawulwa kweentlobo ze-carbonate kulumke kakhulu, kuba ukubunjwa kwe-carbonate yokwenza umhlaba kuhambelana nomgangatho ozinzileyo, ngelixa ukubunjwa kwe-carbonate yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kuzimeleyo kumphezulu okanye umhlaba.
Iisampulu zagrunjwa ukusuka kumphezulu osikiweyo we-carbonate nodules eyenza umhlaba kunye nesiqingatha ukuze kuhlalutywe.I-FS isebenzise i-stereo eqhelekileyo kunye ne-petrographic microscopes yeQela eliSebenzayo le-Geoarchaeology Working kunye ne-CL microscope ye-Experimental Mineralogy Working Group ukufunda amaqhekeza amancinci, omabini abekwe e-Tübingen, eJamani.Iisampulu ezisezantsi zeradiocarbon zombiwa kusetyenziswa uqheliso oluchanekileyo ukusuka kwindawo echongiweyo emalunga ne-100 leminyaka ubudala.Esinye isiqingatha samaqhuqhuva si-3 mm ububanzi ukuze ugweme iindawo ezine-recrystallization kade, i-mineral inclusions ecebileyo, okanye utshintsho olukhulu kubukhulu be-calcite crystals.Iprotocol efanayo ayinakulandelwa kwiisampuli ze-MEM-5038, i-MEM-5035 kunye ne-MEM-5055 A.Ezi sampuli zikhethwa kwiisampuli zentlenga kwaye zincinci kakhulu ukuba zisikwe phakathi ukuze zihlulwe.Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zecandelo elincinci zenziwa kwiisampuli ze-micromorphological ezihambelanayo zentlenga ezikufutshane (kubandakanywa ne-carbonate nodules).
Singenise iisampuli ze-14C zokuthandana kwiZiko loPhando lwe-Isotope oluSetyenzisiweyo (CAIS) kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorgia, eAthene, eU.SA.Isampulu ye-carbonate iphendula nge-100% ye-phosphoric acid kwinqanawa yokusabela ekhutshiweyo ukwenza i-CO2.Ukucocwa kobushushu obuphantsi kweesampulu ze-CO2 ezivela kwezinye iimveliso zokusabela kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-catalytic kwigraphite.Umlinganiselo wegraphite 14C/13C ulinganiswe kusetyenziswa i-0.5-MeV ye-accelerator mass spectrometer.Thelekisa umlinganiselo wesampulu kunye nomlinganiselo olinganiswe ne-oxalic acid I standard (NBS SRM 4990).I-Carrara marble (IAEA C1) isetyenziswe njengemvelaphi, kwaye i-travertine (IAEA C2) isetyenziswe njengomgangatho wesibini.Isiphumo sichazwa njengepesenti yekhabhoni yanamhlanje, kwaye umhla ocatshulweyo ongenakulinganiswa unikezelwa kwiminyaka ye-radiocarbon (iminyaka ye-BP) ngaphambi kwe-1950, usebenzisa i-14C ye-half-life ye-5568 iminyaka.Impazamo ikhankanywe njenge-1-σ kwaye ibonisa impazamo yamanani kunye novavanyo.Ngokusekwe kwixabiso le-δ13C elilinganiswe nge-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, C. Wissing yeBiogeology Laboratory eTubingen, eJamani, inike ingxelo yomhla wokwahlulwa kwe-isotopu, ngaphandle kwe-UGAMS-35944r elinganiswe e-CAIS.Isampuli 6887B yahlalutywa ngokuphindwe kabini.Ukwenza oku, galela i-sub-sample yesibini kwi-nodule (UGAMS-35944r) ukusuka kwindawo yesampula eboniswe kwindawo yokusika.I-INTCAL20 yokulinganisa i-curve (Itheyibhile S4) (62) esetyenzisiweyo kwi-hemisphere esezantsi isetyenziswe ukulungisa ukuhlukana kwe-atmospheric yazo zonke iisampuli kwi-14C ukuya kwi-2-σ.